The current expansion of global drug-based research at an advancing rate is fueling an increase in the global demand of test subjects.
The conventional pre-clinical trials method is fraught to face several challenges such as ethical concerns, data inaccuracy, cost inefficiency and time. Organ-on-chips (OOCs) are an upcoming class of therapeutic testing models that have garnered significant attention of pharmaceutical companies, and academic / research institutions across the globe.
The global organs on chips market size is estimated to be USD 77 million in 2024 and is projected to reach USD 944 million by 2035.The market is anticipated to grow at a CAGR of 25.6%, during the forecast period till 2035.
Fundamentally, these complex chips and technologies represent a type of microfluidic, in-vitro, 3D cell-culture products. The manufacturing of organ-on-a-chip requires extensive technical capabilities for tissue specific models by cultivating cells from different single organs to develop liver, lung, heart, brain, kidney, gut based models and involvements of induced pluripotent stem cells for patient specific organ-on-a-chip. The trend is also directing towards a gradual shift in the adoption of multi organ based models.
The various applications of organ-on-a-chip include drug discovery / toxicity testing, cancer research, stem cell research and regenerative medicine / tissue engineering. Additionally, multi organ based models also offer organ-organ crosstalk, metabolic pathways and ADME (Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism and Excretion) properties of drug candidates.
Organ-on-a-chip are classified into three types based on the function and nature of cells to be evaluated on the chip
- Single Organ Chips:
Single organ chips mimic the physiology of a particular organ on a chip, such as the heart, liver, lungs, and others, by attaining a high level of biological authenticity, allowing accurate in vitro simulation of how an organ reacts to external substance administration.
The different types of single organ-on-a-chips include:
- Brain on chip: Brain-on-chip technology aims to mimic the anatomical characteristics of brain tissue on a modelled framework. Numerous chips are being employed for individualized research projects, such as axon-specific responses, cell-to-cell interactions, high-throughput screening, and drug development to treat neurological disorders.
- Heart on Chip: Utilization of novel technologies on high demand to conduct research and create medications for the treatment associated with heart based disorders. In this aspect, cardiotoxicity is a major factor in many pharmacological drug failures. Cardiovascular disorders emerged as the main cause of mortality worldwide. Therefore, heart-on-chip mimic the cellular organization level of a real heart, simulating mechanical contractions, chemical transport, electrical activity, and pharmacological reactions, in order to achieve reliable data for indicating such toxicities.
- Kidney on a Chip: A kidney-on-chip model recapitulates the kidney's microenvironment and helps to discover the pharmacological effects and drug-induced toxicity in vitro and advance treatment for chronic renal disorders. ,
- Liver on a Chip: Fatty liver is an accumulation of fat in the liver that can, over time, affect the overall functioning of the liver. Liver-on-chip devices have demonstrated encouraging results in modelling in vivo conditions by replicating the sinusoidal structure of the liver, preserving high cell viability and cellular phenotypes, and simulating natural liver metabolism.
- Lung on a Chip: The microengineered human breathing lung-on-chip device recreates the alveolar-capillary interface's 3D architecture, dynamic mechanical properties, and integrated biochemical reactions. They are used to check environmental contaminants and represent the progression of complicated human diseases.
- Disease / Therapeutic Specific Chips: Several disease specific chip models based on microfluidic technology are developed for different therapeutic areas. Cancer-on-chip or tumor-on-chip are model in oncology research to study key aspects of human microenvironment. In addition, other microfluidic chip models that are under development include, rheumatoid arthritis-on-chip, cardiac fibrosis-on-chip, cardiac arrythmias-on-chip, and others.
- Multi-Organ Chips: Multi-organ chips are being adopted by the researchers for testing therapies or for generalizing personalized medicines. However, designing multi-organ 3D system is complicated as it incorporates multiple tissue compartments into single devices to create an accurate model of the human tissue. Moreover, multiple organoids in these multi-tissue systems, allow cancer cells to move between different sites, thus making it simpler to see the spread of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) into capillaries during cancer metastasis.
Research Methodology
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